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2014年5月10日 星期六

蜜蜂大量神秘消失主因與花粉世界的未來 ( The Mysterious Disappearance Of A Large Number Of Bee And The Pollen Future World )[ビー多数の謎の失踪, 花粉フューチャー·ワールド]

蜜蜂大量神秘消失 元凶是它?

2006年以來世界各地頻傳蜜蜂大量消失或死亡,每年幾乎去掉三分之一商用蜂群 (每年作物授粉季節,用卡車載著到處為種植業者服務的蜂群),確切原因至今神秘,最新研究發現,元凶可能是一種從菸草跳到黃豆再傳給蜜蜂的突變輪斑病毒( ringspot )。

報告刊登於美國微生物學學會期刊mBio的線上版:蜜蜂大量死亡通常從秋天開始,到冬天達高峰,這個情況與菸草輪斑病毒傳染從出現到高潮的過程呼應。

研究發現,蜜蜂感染菸草輪斑病毒的數目,在冬季勁升到22.5%,而春天只有7%。抵抗力削弱的蜂群 (嚴重感染的蜂群),死亡率從秋末開始大幅上升

研究團隊的成員來自美國農業部的實驗室、美國多所大學,以及北京的中國農業科學院。他們在蜜蜂採蜜時採取的花粉裡發現菸草輪斑病毒,蜜蜂將唾液、花蜜和花粉摻混成幼蟲吃的「蜜蜂麵包」時,可能撒播了這種要命的病毒。靠蜜蜂為食的蟎,在這種病毒的傳播裡可能也扮演一個角色。這項研究,為「蜂群崩潰失調」現象提供一種解釋。「蜂群崩潰失調」一詞形成於七年前,指蜜蜂的死亡率是正常速率的兩倍

不過,科學家也疑心,增加蜜蜂死亡率,可能是好幾種病毒、寄生蟲、殺蟲劑共同作用的結果。

蜜蜂感染菸草輪斑病毒,是已知某種病毒從花粉跳到蜜蜂身上的首例。報告說,20種植物病毒約有一種發現於花粉之中,表示花粉可能是跳躍式傳染的重要來源。科學家並研判,菸草輪斑病毒攻擊蜜蜂的神經系統。


蜜蜂被譽為「地球上最重要的昆蟲」,愛因斯坦曾經預言:「如果蜜蜂從世界上消失,人類也將僅僅剩下4年的光陰。」這個體重還不到1公克的小小生物,為什麼這麼重要?這是因為牠替植物授粉,在植物界扮演著支配者的角色,如果世界上沒有蜜蜂,有4萬種植物將面臨滅絕的危機。

宜蘭大學生物技術與動物科學系教授陳裕文說,地球上有約80%的顯花植物,得靠昆蟲授粉傳宗接代,其中有85%靠蜜蜂授粉,種類數高達17萬種

他形容,蜜蜂幾乎「壟斷」花粉傳遞市場,是因為蜜蜂非常勤勞,一隻蜜蜂每天可訪花數百朵,蜂群之間靠著跳蜂舞,互相通告採蜜,1個蜂群每天可訪花100萬朵以上

而且蜜蜂飛離蜂巢後,只會拜訪同一種花,讓花粉粒可以正確地送到雌蕊上,不會「亂點鴛鴦譜」。

很多人可能不知道,全球主要的115種農作物中,有52種需要蜜蜂授粉,其中5種主要作物,如果沒有了蜜蜂幫忙,產量恐怕會減少超過九成。因為蜜蜂勤勞工作,全球靠著蜜蜂授粉的經濟利益,多達每年2120億美金,是全球農作物年產值的將近一成。

也是因為如此,蜜蜂的神祕消失,在美國引起相當大的重視,美國國會還因此在2007年召開聽證會,責成美國農業部召集專家研究,避免發生糧食危機。

蜜蜂在地球上出現至少已有3千萬年,蜜蜂屬的昆蟲全世界只有9種,其中8種分布在亞洲,統稱為亞洲蜂,另外1種是廣泛分布在歐洲與非洲的西洋蜂。

台灣有兩種蜜蜂,一種是本土種類的東方蜂,分布在全島的平原到3千公尺的高山,多半是野生;另外一種則是約100年前由日本人引入的西洋蜂,也是現在台灣養蜂界普遍飼養的種類。

陳裕文說,台灣蜂農很靈活,除了採集蜂蜜和蜂王乳,還有蜂膠、花粉等產品,其中蜂蜜和蜂王乳每年產值大約是13億,這些還只是直接產值,若計入授粉的間接產值,一年估計多達300億,相當可觀。

Scientists discover what’s killing the bees and it’s worse than you thought

As we’ve written before, the mysterious mass die-off of honey bees that pollinate $30 billion worth of crops in the US has so decimated America’s apis mellifera population that one bad winter could leave fields fallow. Now, a new study has pinpointed some of the probable causes of bee deaths and the rather scary results show that averting beemageddon will be much more difficult than previously thought.

Scientists had struggled to find the trigger for so-called Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) that has wiped out an estimated 10 million beehives, worth $2 billion, over the past six years. Suspects have included pesticides, disease-bearing parasites and poor nutrition. But in a first-of-its-kind study published today in the journal PLOS ONE, scientists at the University of Maryland and the US Department of Agriculture have identified a witch’s brew of pesticides and fungicides contaminating pollen that bees collect to feed their hives. The findings break new ground on why large numbers of bees are dying though they do not identify the specific cause of CCD, where an entire beehive dies at once.

When researchers collected pollen from hives on the east coast pollinating cranberry, watermelon and other crops and fed it to healthy bees, those bees showed a significant decline in their ability to resist infection by a parasite called Nosema ceranae. The parasite has been implicated in Colony Collapse Disorder though scientists took pains to point out that their findings do not directly link the pesticides to CCD. The pollen was contaminated on average with nine different pesticides and fungicides though scientists discovered 21 agricultural chemicals in one sample. Scientists identified eight ag chemicals associated with increased risk of infection by the parasite.

Most disturbing, bees that ate pollen contaminated with fungicides were three times as likely to be infected by the parasite. Widely used, fungicides had been thought to be harmless for bees as they’re designed to kill fungus, not insects, on crops like apples.

“There’s growing evidence that fungicides may be affecting the bees on their own and I think what it highlights is a need to reassess how we label these agricultural chemicals,” Dennis vanEngelsdorp, the study’s lead author, told Quartz.

Labels on pesticides warn farmers not to spray when pollinating bees are in the vicinity but such precautions have not applied to fungicides.

Bee populations are so low in the US that it now takes 60% of the country’s surviving colonies just to pollinate one California crop, almonds. And that’s not just a west coast problem—California supplies 80% of the world’s almonds, a market worth $4 billion.
US is world wide largest corn production country

In recent years, a class of chemicals called neonicotinoids has been linked to bee deaths and in April regulators banned the use of the pesticide for two years in Europe where bee populations have also plummeted. But vanEngelsdorp, an assistant research scientist at the University of Maryland, says the new study shows that the interaction of multiple pesticides is affecting bee health.

“The pesticide issue in itself is much more complex than we have led to be believe,” he says. “It’s a lot more complicated than just one product, which means of course the solution does not lie in just banning one class of product.”

The study found another complication in efforts to save the bees: US honey bees, which are descendants of European bees, do not bring home pollen from native North American crops but collect bee chow from nearby weeds and wildflowers. That pollen, however, was also contaminated with pesticides even though those plants were not the target of spraying.

“It’s not clear whether the pesticides are drifting over to those plants but we need take a new look at agricultural spraying practices,” says vanEngelsdorp.

為什麼蜜蜂消失? ( Marla Spivak: Why bees are disappearing ? ) - 有害農藥、殺蟲劑、基因除野草農藥已經逐漸傷害人類
China is the world larger fruit production country

現在,我們有最好的數據蜜蜂,所以我會用它們作為一個例子。在美國,蜜蜂其實自二戰以來一直在下降。我們有一半的人數相比,現在至1945年在美國的管理蕁麻疹。我們下降到約200萬蜂巢的蜜蜂,我們的想法。原因是,二戰結束後,我們改變了我們的耕作方式。我們停止種植覆蓋作物。我們停止種植三葉草,苜蓿,這是天然的肥料,土壤中的氮固定,相反,我們開始使用合成肥料。三葉草和苜蓿植物對蜜蜂高營養的食物。二戰結束後,我們就開始使用除草劑殺死雜草在我們的農場。許多這些雜草開花植物,蜜蜂需要為自己的生存。我們開始越來越大的作物單一種植。現在我們談論食物沙漠,在我們的城市的地方,沒有雜貨店的街區。蜜蜂用於維持農場現在農業食品沙漠,由一個或兩個植物物種,如玉米和大豆為主。自第二次世界大戰以來,我們一直在系統地消除許多開花植物,蜜蜂需要為自己的生存。這些甚至延伸單一種植農作物,良好的蜜蜂,像杏仁。五十年前,養蜂人將採取幾個殖民地,入杏仁果園蜂箱的蜜蜂,授粉,也因為實在是高蛋白質的杏仁花中的花粉。蜜蜂真的很好。現在,杏仁單一種植規模的要求,我們國家的大部分蜜蜂,超過150萬個蜂巢的蜜蜂,被運往全國各地的授粉作物。他們用卡車運在半負荷,他們必須用卡車運出去,因為杏仁果園開花後,是一個巨大的和無花的景觀。

這些類殺蟲劑, neonicontinoids ,現在世界各地的頭條新聞。你可能已經聽說過它。這是一類新的殺蟲劑。移動通過植物,使作物害蟲,食葉昆蟲,咬了一口的植物,並得到一個致命的劑量和模具。如果這些neonics之一,我們給他們打電話,適用於高濃度,如在這地面應用,足以通過植物的複合移動並進入花粉和花蜜,蜜蜂可以消耗的地方,在這種情況下,高劑量的這種神經毒素,使蜜蜂抽搐和死亡。大多數農產品設置,我們的大多數農場種子與殺蟲劑的塗,這樣一個較小的濃度移動通過植物和獲取到的花粉和花蜜,和如果一隻蜜蜂消耗這個較低的劑量,無論是什麼發生或蜜蜂變得陶醉和迷失方向,她可能無法找到回家的路。一切之上,蜜蜂疾病和寄生蟲都有自己的一套。頭號公敵蜜蜂是這件事情。這就是所謂的蜂析構函數。它恰當地命名。這是這個大,吸血的寄生蟲,危害蜜蜂的免疫系統和循環病毒 ... 

花粉是世界的重要營養元素
向日葵, 蜀葵, 牽牛花, 山百合, 蓖麻之花粉, 500倍圖, 植物的3D鑰匙

蜂花粉是蜜蜂採集被子植物雄蕊,藥藥裸子植物小孢子囊內的花粉細胞形成的團粒狀物,花粉是植物的雄性生殖細胞,是植物的精華所在。它不僅攜帶著植物生命的遺傳信息,而且還有生長發育的全部營養物質。

花粉中含有豐富的蛋白質,氨基酸物質,在人體所需的22種氨基酸中,花粉中含有20種,另外,花粉中還含有100多種酶和輔酶,大量的維生素A、B、C、E、 K等和豐富的礦物質。花粉中的核酸含量一般為10%左右,被譽為營養之冠,是人類一個重要的新型營養源,被譽為“超濃縮型營養庫”,“大自然中最完美的安全營養源”。

花粉的主要功效:
  1. 花粉有顯著的抗疲勞,增強體力的作用
  2. 花粉能有效促進細胞新陳代謝、改善皮膚營養狀態,增加皮膚彈性,消除褐斑,減少皺紋,是當今世界公認的天然美容佳品。
  3. 花粉有抗輻射,抗衰老作用。
  4. 花粉中還含有豐富的維生素B組,可以使脂肪轉化為能量並得以釋放,從而起到減肥效果,消除酯肪肝。
  5. 花粉的芳香甙和黃酮類物質,具有降低血脂,預防和輔助治療心腦血管疾病的作用。
  6. 花粉可以增強消化功能,對腸胃功能紊亂、潰瘍病、便秘有積極的輔助治療作用。
  7. 花粉對前列腺炎、前列腺肥大有良好的輔助治療效果。
  8. 花粉有抗缺氧作用,能為腦細胞的發育和生理活動提供豐富的營養物質,使大腦保持旺盛的活力,改善記憶功能,增進智力並對老年性癡呆症有良好的預防效果。
  9. 花粉將是人類大量營養劑來源,是“大自然中最完美的安全營養源”,人類將可研究運用花粉植物生命的遺傳信息做植物改良
分析與評論



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2013年10月19日 星期六

為什麼蜜蜂消失? ( Marla Spivak: Why bees are disappearing ? ) - 有害農藥、殺蟲劑、基因除野草農藥已經逐漸傷害人類

Bees shortage happen from 2009, the trend did not change
    This is our life with bees, and this is our life without bees. Bees are the most important pollinators of our fruits and vegetables and flowers and crops like alfalfa hay that feed our farm animals. More than one third of the world's crop production is dependent on bee pollination. ( 這是我們的生命與蜜蜂,這是我們的生命沒有蜜蜂。蜜蜂授粉是最重要的,我們的水果和蔬菜,花卉和農作物,如苜蓿乾草餵養農場動物。超過三分之一的世界農作物產量取決於蜜蜂授粉。)

But the ironic thing is that bees are not out there pollinating our food intentionally. They're out there because they need to eat. Bees get all of the protein they need in their diet from pollen and all of the carbohydrates they need from nectar. They're flower-feeders, and as they move from flower to flower, basically on a shopping trip at the local floral mart, they end up providing this valuable pollination service. In parts of the world where there are no bees, or where they plant varieties that are not attractive to bees, people are paid to do the business of pollination by hand. These people are moving pollen from flower to flower with a paintbrush. Now this business of hand pollination is actually not that uncommon. Tomato growers often pollinate their tomato flowers with a hand-held vibrator. Now this one's the tomato tickler. (Laughter) Now this is because the pollen within a tomato flower is held very securely within the male part of the flower, the anther, and the only way to release this pollen is to vibrate it. So bumblebees are one of the few kinds of bees in the world that are able to hold onto the flower and vibrate it, and they do this by shaking their flight muscles at a frequency similar to the musical note C. So they vibrate the flower, they sonicate it, and that releases the pollen in this efficient swoosh, and the pollen gathers all over the fuzzy bee's body, and she takes it home as food. Tomato growers now put bumblebee colonies inside the greenhouse to pollinate the tomatoes because they get much more efficient pollination when it's done naturally and
US bees colony loss history in winter
they get better quality tomatoes. ( 但具有諷刺意味的事情是,蜜蜂不是故意在那裡授粉我們的食物。他們在那裡,因為他們需要吃。蜜蜂得到所有他們需要在他們的飲食花粉和所有他們需要從花蜜的碳水化合物的蛋白質。他們花供料器,當他們從花間,基本上是在當地的花卉超市的購物之旅,他們最終提供這種寶貴的授粉服務。那裡有沒有蜜蜂,在那裡他們不能吸引蜜蜂的植物品種,在世界各地,人們都在做支付業務授粉手。這些人正在用畫筆在花授粉。現在這項業務的人工授粉,其實並不少見。番茄種植者往往番茄花授粉用手持式振動器。現在,這其中的番茄難事。 這是因為番茄花的花粉內內的男性之花,花藥,只有這樣,才能釋放花粉振動非常牢固。因此,大黃蜂是蜜蜂在世界是能夠守住花和振動的幾種之一,而且他們做到這一點,所以他們晃動的頻率類似音符C.它們的飛行肌肉振動花,他們超聲,這種高效旋風,釋放花粉,花粉收集所有模糊蜜蜂的身體,她把它帶回家作為食物。番茄種植者現在把大黃蜂的殖民地,因為他們得到更有效的,當它完成授粉自然授粉西紅柿大棚內,他們得到更優質的西紅柿。)

So there's other, maybe more personal reasons, to care about bees. There's over 20,000 species of bees in the world, and they're absolutely gorgeous. These bees spend the majority of their life cycle hidden in the ground or within a hollow stem and very few of these beautiful species have evolved highly social behavior like honeybees. ( 因此有其他的、更多的個人原因,關心蜜蜂。有超過20000 種的蜜蜂在世界上,他們是絕對華麗。這些蜜蜂花其生命週期的大部分隱藏在地下或在一個中空的莖,很少有這些美麗的物種已經進化高度社會化的行為,如蜜蜂。)

Now honeybees tend to be the charismatic representative for the other 19,900-plus species because there's something about honeybees that draws people into their world. Humans have been drawn to honeybees since early recorded history, mostly to harvest their honey, which is an amazing natural sweetener. ( 現在,蜜蜂往往是魅力的代表,其他19,900+ 物種有關蜜蜂,吸引人們進入他們的世界,因為有什麼東西。月初以來的歷史記錄人類注意蜜蜂,主要是有收穫的蜂蜜,這是一個驚人的天然甜味劑。)

I got drawn into the honeybee world completely by a fluke. I was 18 years old and bored, and I picked up a book in the library on bees and I spent the night reading it. I had never thought about insects living in complex societies. It was like the best of science fiction come true. And even stranger, there were these people, these beekeepers, that loved their bees like they were family, and when I put down the book, I knew I had to see this for myself. So I went to work for a commercial beekeeper, a family that owned 2,000 hives of bees in New Mexico. And I was permanently hooked.

Honeybees can be considered a super-organism, where the colony is the organism and it's comprised of 40,000 to 50,000 individual bee organisms. Now this society has no central authority. Nobody's in charge. So how they come to collective decisions, and how they allocate their tasks and divide their labor, how they communicate where the flowers are, all of their collective social behaviors are mindblowing. My personal favorite, and one that I've studied for many years, is their system of healthcare. So bees have social healthcare. So in my lab, we study how bees keep themselves healthy. For example, we study hygiene, where some bees are able to locate and weed out sick individuals from the nest, from the colony, and it keeps the colony healthy. And more recently, we've been studying resins that bees collect from plants. So bees fly to some plants and they scrape these very, very sticky resins off the leaves, and they take them back to the nest where they cement them into the nest architecture where we call it propolis. We've found that propolis is a natural disinfectant. It's a natural antibiotic. It kills off bacteria and molds and other germs within the colony, and so it bolsters the colony health and their social immunity. Humans have known about the power of propolis since biblical times. We've been harvesting propolis out of bee colonies for human medicine, but we didn't know how good it was for the bees. So honeybees have these remarkable natural defenses that have kept them healthy and thriving for over 50 million years.

So seven years ago, when honeybee colonies were reported to be dying en masse, first in the United States, it was clear that there was something really, really wrong. In our collective conscience, in a really primal way, we know we can't afford to lose bees. So what's going on? Bees are dying from multiple and interacting causes, and I'll go through each of these. The bottom line is, bees dying reflects a flowerless landscape and a dysfunctional food system. ( 所以七年前,當蜂群就要集體死去,首先在美國,它是明確的,有一些真的錯了。在我們的集體良知,在一個非常原始的方式,我們知道,我們不能失去蜜蜂。所以,這是怎麼回事呢?蜜蜂死於由多個相互作用的原因,我會去通過這些。底線是,蜜蜂死去,反映了無花的景觀和一個不正常的糧食系統。)

Now we have the best data on honeybees, so I'll use them as an example. In the United States, bees in fact have been in decline since World War II. We have half the number of managed hives in the United States now compared to 1945. We're down to about two million hives of bees, we think. And the reason is, after World War II, we changed our farming practices. We stopped planting cover crops. We stopped planting clover and alfalfa, which are natural fertilizers that fix nitrogen in the soil, and instead we started using synthetic fertilizers. Clover and alfalfa are highly nutritious food plants for bees. And after World War II, we started using herbicides to kill off the weeds in our farms. Many of these weeds are flowering plants that bees require for their survival. And we started growing larger and larger crop monocultures. Now we talk about food deserts, places in our cities, neighborhoods that have no grocery stores. The very farms that used to sustain bees are now agricultural food deserts, dominated by one or two plant species like corn and soybeans. Since World War II, we have been systematically eliminating many of the flowering plants that bees need for their survival. And these monocultures extend even to crops that are good for bees, like almonds. Fifty years ago, beekeepers would take a few colonies, hives of bees into the almond orchards, for pollination, and also because the pollen in an almond blossom is really high in protein. It's really good for bees. Now, the scale of almond monoculture demands that most of our nation's bees, over 1.5 million hives of bees, be transported across the nation to pollinate this one crop. And they're trucked in in semi-loads, and they must be trucked out, because after bloom, the almond orchards are a vast and flowerless landscape. ( 現在,我們有最好的數據蜜蜂,所以我會用它們作為一個例子。在美國,蜜蜂其實自二戰以來一直在下降。我們有一半的人數相比,現在至1945年在美國的管理蕁麻疹。我們下降到約200萬蜂巢的蜜蜂,我們的想法。原因是,二戰結束後,我們改變了我們的耕作方式。我們停止種植覆蓋作物。我們停止種植三葉草,苜蓿,這是天然的肥料,土壤中的氮固定,相反,我們開始使用合成肥料。三葉草和苜蓿植物對蜜蜂高營養的食物。二戰結束後,我們就開始使用除草劑殺死雜草在我們的農場。許多這些雜草開花植物,蜜蜂需要為自己的生存。我們開始越來越大的作物單一種植。現在我們談論食物沙漠,在我們的城市的地方,沒有雜貨店的街區。蜜蜂用於維持農場現在農業食品沙漠,由一個或兩個植物物種,如玉米和大豆為主。自第二次世界大戰以來,我們一直在系統地消除許多開花植物,蜜蜂需要為自己的生存。這些甚至延伸單一種植農作物,良好的蜜蜂,像杏仁。五十年前,養蜂人將採取幾個殖民地,入杏仁果園蜂箱的蜜蜂,授粉,也因為實在是高蛋白質的杏仁花中的花粉。蜜蜂真的很好。現在,杏仁單一種植規模的要求,我們國家的大部分蜜蜂,超過150萬個蜂巢的蜜蜂,被運往全國各地的授粉作物。他們用卡車運在半負荷,他們必須用卡車運出去,因為杏仁果園開花後,是一個巨大的和無花的景觀。)

Bees have been dying over the last 50 years, and we're planting more crops that need them. There has been a 300 percent increase in crop production that requires bee pollination. ( 蜜蜂已經死在過去50年,我們更多需要它們的農作物種植。已經有需要蜜蜂授粉作物產量增加了300%。)

And then there's pesticides. After World War II, we started using pesticides on a large scale, and this became necessary because of the monocultures that put out a feast for crop pests. Recently, researchers from Penn State University have started looking at the pesticide residue in the loads of pollen that bees carry home as food, and they've found that every batch of pollen that a honeybee collects has at least six detectable pesticides in it, and this includes every class of insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and even inert and unlabeled ingredients that are part of the pesticide formulation that can be more toxic than the active ingredient. This small bee is holding up a large mirror. How much is it going to take to contaminate humans? ( 再有就是農藥。二戰結束後,我們開始大規模使用農藥,而這也成為必要的,因為單一種植農作物病蟲害。最近,賓夕法尼亞州立大學的研究人員已經開始尋找在負載花粉,蜜蜂帶回家作為食品的農藥殘留,他們已經發現,蜜蜂採集花粉,每一批有至少六個檢測農藥,包括每一個類殺蟲劑,除莠劑,殺真菌劑,即使是無反應性的和未標記的成分的農藥製劑的一部分,可以是活性成分的毒性比。這小蜜蜂拿著一個大鏡子。要多少來污染人類嗎?)

One of these class of insecticides, the neonicontinoids, is making headlines around the world right now. You've probably heard about it. This is a new class of insecticides. It moves through the plant so that a crop pest, a leaf-eating insect, would take a bite of the plant and get a lethal dose and die. If one of these neonics, we call them, is applied in a high concentration, such as in this ground application, enough of the compound moves through the plant and gets into the pollen and the nectar, where a bee can consume, in this case, a high dose of this neurotoxin that makes the bee twitch and die. In most agricultural settings, on most of our farms, it's only the seed that's coated with the insecticide, and so a smaller concentration moves through the plant and gets into the pollen and nectar, and if a bee consumes this lower dose, either nothing happens or the bee becomes intoxicated and disoriented and she may not find her way home. And on top of everything else, bees have their own set of diseases and parasites. Public enemy number one for bees is this thing. It's called varroa destructor. It's aptly named. It's this big, blood-sucking parasite that compromises the bee's immune system and circulates viruses. ( 這些類殺蟲劑, neonicontinoids ,現在世界各地的頭條新聞。你可能已經聽說過它。這是一類新的殺蟲劑。移動通過植物,使作物害蟲,食葉昆蟲,咬了一口的植物,並得到一個致命的劑量和模具。如果這些neonics之一,我們給他們打電話,適用於高濃度,如在這地面應用,足以通過植物的複合移動並進入花粉和花蜜,蜜蜂可以消耗的地方,在這種情況下,高劑量的這種神經毒素,使蜜蜂抽搐和死亡。大多數農產品設置,我們的大多數農場種子與殺蟲劑的塗,這樣一個較小的濃度移動通過植物和獲取到的花粉和花蜜,和如果一隻蜜蜂消耗這個較低的劑量,無論是什麼發生或蜜蜂變得陶醉和迷失方向,她可能無法找到回家的路。一切之上,蜜蜂疾病和寄生蟲都有自己的一套。頭號公敵蜜蜂是這件事情。這就是所謂的蜂析構函數。它恰當地命名。這是這個大,吸血的寄生蟲,危害蜜蜂的免疫系統和循環病毒。)

Let me put this all together for you. I don't know what it feels like to a bee to have a big, bloodsucking parasite running around on it, and I don't know what it feels like to a bee to have a virus, but I do know what it feels like when I have a virus, the flu, and I know how difficult it is for me to get to the grocery store to get good nutrition. But what if I lived in a food desert? And what if I had to travel a long distance to get to the grocery store, and I finally got my weak body out there and I consumed, in my food, enough of a pesticide, a neurotoxin, that I couldn't find my way home? And this is what we mean by multiple and interacting causes of death. ( 讓我把這一切放在一起給你。我不知道是什麼感覺像蜜蜂有一個大的吸血寄生蟲上跑來跑去,我不知道是什麼感覺像蜜蜂有病毒,但我不知道這是什麼感覺當我有一個病毒,流感,我知道我去雜貨店得到良好的營養是多麼困難。但是,如果我住在食品沙漠?如果我不得不長途跋涉去雜貨店,我終於得到了我虛弱的身體在那裡,我在我的食物,消耗足夠的殺蟲劑,毒素,我無法找到我的路回家嗎?這就是我們的意思是由多個相互作用的死因。)

And it's not just our honeybees. All of our beautiful wild species of bees are at risk, including those tomato-pollinating bumblebees. These bees are providing backup for our honeybees. They're providing the pollination insurance alongside our honeybees. We need all of our bees. ( 它不只是我們的蜜蜂。我們美麗的野生蜂的種類的風險,包括那些番茄授粉熊蜂。這些蜜蜂為蜜蜂提供備份。他們與我們的蜜蜂授粉保險。我們需要我們的蜜蜂。)

So what are we going to do? What are we going to do about this big bee bummer that we've created? It turns out, it's hopeful. It's hopeful. Every one of you out there can help bees in two very direct and easy ways. Plant bee-friendly flowers, and don't contaminate these flowers, this bee food, with pesticides. So go online and search for flowers that are native to your area and plant them. Plant them in a pot on your doorstep. Plant them in your front yard, in your lawns, in your boulevards. Campaign to have them planted in public gardens, community spaces, meadows. Set aside farmland. We need a beautiful diversity of flowers that blooms over the entire growing season, from spring to fall. We need roadsides seeded in flowers for our bees, but also for migrating butterflies and birds and other wildlife. And we need to think carefully about putting back in cover crops to nourish our soil and nourish our bees. And we need to diversify our farms. We need to plant flowering crop borders and hedge rows to disrupt the agricultural food desert and begin to correct the dysfunctional food system that we've created. ( 那麼,我們該怎麼辦?什麼是我們做的,我們已經創造了這個大蜜蜂無賴?事實證明,這是有希望的。這是充滿希望的。在那裡可以幫助你每一個蜜蜂在兩個非常直接和簡便的方法。植物花蜜蜂友好,不會污染這些花,蜜蜂食品,農藥。所以去網上搜索花原產區和植物他們。他們栽在一個鍋裡在您的家門口。他們栽在你的前院,在你的草坪,在您的林蔭大道。運動讓他們栽在公共花園,社區空間,草地。設置撥出農田。我們需要一個美麗的鮮花盛開在整個生長季節,春季到秋季的多樣性。我們需要為我們的蜜蜂在花叢中路旁接種,但也遷移蝴蝶和鳥類和其他野生動物。我們需要仔細想想放回覆蓋作物來滋養我們的土壤和滋養我們的蜜蜂。我們需要分散我們的農場。我們需要破壞農業食品沙漠植物開花裁剪邊界圍籬,並開始糾正不正常的糧食系統,我們已經創建。)

So maybe it seems like a really small countermeasure to a big, huge problem -- just go plant flowers -- but when bees have access to good nutrition, we have access to good nutrition through their pollination services. And when bees have access to good nutrition, they're better able to engage their own natural defenses, their healthcare, that they have relied on for millions of years. So the beauty of helping bees this way, for me, is that every one of us needs to behave a little bit more like a bee society, an insect society, where each of our individual actions can contribute to a grand solution, an emergent property, that's much greater than the mere sum of our individual actions. So let the small act of planting flowers and keeping them free of pesticides be the driver of large-scale change. ( 所以也許它看起來像一個真正的小對策,巨大的一個大問題 - 只是去養花 - 但是當蜜蜂有良好的營養,我們有良好的營養,通過他們的授粉服務。而當蜜蜂有良好的營養,他們能夠更好地從事自己的天然防禦能力,他們的醫療保健,他們所依靠的數百萬年。所以愛美幫助蜜蜂這樣,對我來說,是我們每個人都需要表現多一點點像蜜蜂社會,昆蟲社會,我們每一個人的行動可以促進一個盛大的解決方案,一個新興的物業,這是遠大於區區我們每一個人的行動。因此,讓小種植鮮花和保持它們不含農藥的行為是司機的大尺度變化。)

On behalf of the bees, thank you.

Chris Anderson: Thank you. Just a quick question. The latest numbers on the die-off of bees, is there any sign of things bottoming out? What's your hope/depression level on this?

Maria Spivak: Yeah. At least in the United States, an average of 30 percent of all bee hives are lost every winter. About 20 years ago, we were at a 15-percent loss. So it's getting precarious.

CA: That's not 30 percent a year, that's -- MS: Yes, thirty percent a year.

CA: Thirty percent a year. MS: But then beekeepers are able to divide their colonies and so they can maintain the same number, they can recuperate some of their loss.

We're kind of at a tipping point. We can't really afford to lose that many more. We need to be really appreciative of all the beekeepers out there. Plant flowers. ( 我們是那種在一個轉折點。我們不能真的輸不起。我們要真的很感謝所有的養蜂人那裡。植物的花朵。)

註:
  • 有害農藥、殺蟲劑、基因除野草農藥已經逐漸傷害人類,也傷害蜜蜂及正常的糧食系統,人類曾幾何時有如此多蜂群集體死去、有如此多人得過癌症,我們真的必須改善這些問題。
  • 愛因斯坦曾說過:「如果蜜蜂 ( Bee ) 從地球上消失的話,人類只能再活四年。沒有授粉,就沒有植物、就沒有動物、就沒有人。」。蜜蜂今日的處境對每一個人來說都是一個警告。2009 ~ 2010,美國境內有三分之一或更多的蜜蜂離奇死亡(二○○七年損失大約八十萬個蜂群;二○○八年則是一百萬個蜂群)。從二○○六年年底以來,一些蜂農列舉高達百分之九十的蜜蜂損失。2011 顯然問題持續擴散到其他國家,破壞增加。



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2012年2月26日 星期日

2011 蜜蜂離奇死亡數量未減少 - 分析 ( 2011 A World Without Bees effect study )

A European Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) flying b...
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佛羅里達的蜂群離奇死亡事件

近來在美國佛州爆發蜜蜂大量滅絕的事件,有關當局已經排除蜂群崩壞症候群 (CCD) 等疾病因素。根據英國每日郵報的報導,當地約 800 座養蜂場、多達 1200 萬隻蜜蜂在 9 月 26 日當天突然同時死亡,養蜂人表示元兇可能是農藥。

蜂群崩壞症候群指的是全世界蜜蜂無故大量死亡的現象,典型的狀況是蜜蜂會離開蜂巢,並莫名找不到回家的路;這樣的情況似乎是隨機在世界各地發生,是蜂群逐漸消失最終完全滅亡的漸進式過程,而且難以發現死亡蜜蜂的屍體。

但是近來發生在佛州的情況不一樣,一哩半的範圍內共有 30 處不同地點、多達數百群的蜜蜂在同一時間內死亡並且留下屍體;因此有關當局將蜂群崩壞症候群排除在原因之外。根據留下屍體以及同時大量死亡的現象,農藥很可能是這起事件的元兇。

一名專門生產蜂蜜的業者對此感到痛心,這名業者在事件中損失的蜜蜂市價大約是 15 萬美元。他還表示,除了金錢的損失之外,他花費在照顧蜜蜂的心力也難以估計。

Green Bee N
Green Bee N (Photo credit: gwen)
碰巧的是當佛州的蜂群大量滅亡的時候,全國正在進行滅蚊措施,直升機從空中四處噴灑農藥。官方當然否認噴灑農藥與蜜蜂滅亡有任何關係,但是佛州大學的一名昆蟲學家表示,蜂群死亡的範圍廣大而且迅速,幾乎是一天之內發生的,可大程度的排除是疾病導致;何況疾病通常也只會影響成人或是孩童單方,而不會全都死亡。

大多數在這起蜜蜂大量滅亡的事件中損失慘重的業者以往都將蜜蜂販賣給農民,以幫助作物受粉。現在由於這起事件,許多養蜂人可能會失去他們的事業。


英國大量蜜蜂離奇死亡瓜果蔬菜等產業將受影響

APICULTURA (40)
APICULTURA (40) (Photo credit: gennaropascale.com)
小小的蜜蜂,每年可以為英國經濟貢獻至少1650萬英鎊(合3千多萬美元)的收益。 然而,近年來在英國的蜜蜂數量不明不白地急劇減少,這使得從事養蜂業的人們憂心忡忡。
英國蜜蜂養殖者協會稱,全英約24萬個蜂巢的蜜蜂,其中的三分之一可能無法活過今年冬天或明年春天。 該協會希望政府能增加資金投入,加強對蜜蜂的科學研究。

英國的蜜蜂養殖者們擔心,如果不採取緊急措施,不但蜜蜂最終將在英國消失,而且瓜果蔬菜等其他產業也會受到影響,因為包括蘋果、梨等在內的多種水果以及如山楂林一類的灌木都要依靠蜜蜂授粉。

同樣的問題也發生在其他國家。 美國的蜜蜂養殖者報告說,今年截至目前,他們養殖的蜜蜂已經死去了大約36%,而去年的蜜蜂損失率是31%。

現階段,科學家對導致蜜蜂大量死亡的確切原因還沒有定論。 蟲蟎災害,氣候變化、水源污染以及某些新型殺蟲劑的使用等都有嫌疑。
鑑於事態嚴重,英國政府今年4月制定一系列應急方案,但蜜蜂養殖業者認為,這些還不夠,他們希望政府能增加投入扶植養蜂。


全球蜜蜂大批離奇死亡,美國專家揭開謎團

全球各地連續多年不斷發生大批蜜蜂離奇死亡,科學家致力研究仍沒能找到這個被稱為蜂群衰竭失調(  Colony collapse disorder ,CCD )現象的成因。美國生物學家最近發現,一種「蒼蠅」會在蜜蜂體內寄生產卵,並支配牠們的行為,最終令牠們死亡,危害人類食物鏈。

自○六年起在全球多個地方出現CCD現象,確切原因未明。三藩市州立大學生物教授哈費爾尼克發現,過去已證實會寄生於大黃蜂體內的一種蚤蠅( Apocephalus borealis ),也會在蜜蜂的體內寄生。

蚤蠅會在蜜蜂肚內產卵,並干擾牠們的生理時鐘、方向感及行為,令牠們如喪屍般失去自主能力,出現在夜間活動、不斷打圈爬行及無法站起來等奇怪徵狀。

被蚤蠅寄生的蜜蜂最終會不由自主地離開蜂巢,到有光的地方聚集並死亡,蜜蜂死後約七天,蚤蠅幼蟲便會在蜜蜂屍體的頭及胸部之間爬出。

這些蜜蜂和蚤蠅體內多數攜有一種會損害翅膀的病毒,及一種稱為東方蜜蜂微孢子蟲( Nosema ceranae )的真菌,它們都可能是導致CCD的病源體,暗示CCD或與蚤蠅有關,這或能為蜜蜂死亡謎團提供多一個解釋。由於研究員還未知道蚤蠅何時何地肆虐,仍未有方法阻止牠們在蜜蜂身上寄生。

雖然哈費爾尼克暫時只在加州及南達科他州的蜂巢上發現蚤蠅的蹤迹,他認為這種寄生蒼蠅對蜜蜂來說,是一種新出現又嚴重的威脅,或會危害到整個北美洲的蜂群。

分析

  • 愛因斯坦曾說過:「如果蜜蜂 ( Bee ) 從地球上消失的話,人類只能再活四年。沒有授粉,就沒有植物、就沒有動物、就沒有人。」。但不管是誰說的,這都是有如天啟的警鐘。蜜蜂是「礦坑裡的金絲雀」,一個對地球健康的導引,在災難來臨之際給予人們示警。蜜蜂今日的處境對每一個人來說都是一個警告。2009 ~ 2010,美國境內有三分之一或更多的蜜蜂離奇死亡(二○○七年損失大約八十萬個蜂群;二○○八年則是一百萬個蜂群)。從二○○六年年底以來,一些蜂農列舉高達百分之九十的蜜蜂損失。2011 顯然問題持續擴散到其他國家,破壞增加。
  • 如果,蜜蜂在地球消失,水果、蔬菜、養殖業食物都將短缺 ,目前影響程度未造成水果、蔬菜短缺,但持續擴散到全球是趨勢,是否產生全球蜜蜂大量滅絕的事件正密切觀察;但穀類食物不受影響。
  • 農產品ETF,如何投資成為重要課題,預估2012 農產品ETF投資仍在超跌時期, 農產品ETF 只能定指標定額;因為2012是太陽輸出能量最大一年,也是全球人口超過70億第一年,旱災可能較多 , 農產品生產因太陽輸出最大而提高, 預估太陽輸出能量將由2013一年一年下降,連續下降11~ 12年,再因新興國家經濟改革,全球食物需求一年一年增加, 農產品供需失調通膨時代要來了,除非農產品科技在提升產能,人類難逃聖經預言

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2010年2月28日 星期日

蜜蜂消失後的世界 - 分析與評論 ( A World Without Bees - Study )

閱讀『蜜蜂消失後的世界:蜜蜂神祕失蹤的全球危機調查 ( A World Without Bees )』後,我覺得這是一本很值得大家研讀的書籍,正如愛因斯坦曾預言:「蜜蜂 ( Bee ) 消失,人類只能再活四年。」如果蜜蜂真的消失了,我們的世界會有什麼變化?

大家都知道蜜蜂在生態系統中扮演非常重要的角色,遭受的威脅跟其他野生動物也差不多¬—— 像是都市開發、生物多樣性的喪失或是棲息地被摧毀等等,所以能在都市中給蜜蜂一個家,讓我們覺得好像自己也對環境盡了一份心。

愛因斯坦曾說過:「如果蜜蜂 ( Bee ) 從地球上消失的話,人類只能再活四年。沒有授粉,就沒有植物、就沒有動物、就沒有人。」事實上,這很有可能是幾年前法國蜂農在爭取農藥禁用時,假愛因斯坦之口說的。但不管是誰說的,這都是有如天啟的警鐘。蜜蜂是「礦坑裡的金絲雀」,一個對地球健康的導引,在災難來臨之際給予人們示警。蜜蜂今日的處境對每一個人來說都是一個警告。

這兩年,美國境內有三分之一或更多的蜜蜂離奇死亡(二○○七年損失大約八十萬個蜂群;二○○八年則是一百萬個蜂群)。從二○○六年年底以來,一些蜂農列舉高達百分之九十的蜜蜂損失。

蜜蜂消失讓研究者和學術界困惑不已,而蜜蜂不只在美國失蹤,部分的加拿大、歐洲、亞洲和南美都有大群蜜蜂不見,在克羅埃西亞甚至有報導說在四十八小時內有五百萬隻蜜蜂無影無蹤。

分析與評論

  • 聯合國糧食組織估算全球蜜蜂授粉服務的產值約2000億,如果,蜜蜂在地球消失,水果、蔬菜、養殖業食物都將短缺。
  • 如果,全體運用人工授粉,相關水果、蔬菜、養殖業食物農產品成本將提高好幾倍,產量也無法達到蜜蜂授粉產量。
  • 水果、蔬菜、養殖業食物農產品及農產品ETF,如何保存與投資成為重要課題,也成為我未來幾年隨時關注之交點。
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2009年12月9日 星期三

食物大逃亡 - 分析與評論 ( Where will our food go to ? )

male Oreochromis niloticusImage via Wikipedia
《天下雜誌》報導溫室效應時,當地球增溫從1℃到6℃,人類將面臨生死存亡臨界點…
烏魚不來的冬天、蜜蜂消失的春天、喝不到鮮奶、買不起麵包、好魚好肉少了…。 這不是未來才會發生的事,極端氣候正衝擊台灣農漁牧業,更影響你的每一餐。 《天下雜誌》現場直擊氣候變遷對台灣的巨大衝擊,是台灣不能再等的關鍵時刻……

《天下雜誌》以精闢的以下四篇未來臺灣與人類面臨之嚴重問題,很值得大家研讀,尋找我們未來方向:


人類面臨的食物危機

突如其來,一場糧食危機席卷全球。聯合國糧農組織(FA0)警告說,目前全世界的糧食儲備只夠維持人類吃57天!

    事實上,比饑荒更恐怖的是:人類的食物品種越來越少!許多食物資源已經滅絕或處于瀕危邊緣。

    世界著名環保活動家范達娜‧席瓦在《失竊的收成:跨國公司的全球農業掠奪》一書中指出:“隨著全球市場取代地方市場,單一種植也就取代了物種多樣性。以前,中國種植了1萬個小麥品種,到20世紀70年代就已下降到1000種;今天,存留下來的墨西哥玉米品種只有20%;在美國一度生長著7000多種蘋果,其中6000多種現在已經滅絕;在菲律賓,農民過去培植了數以千計的傳統稻米品種,而到了20世紀80年代中期,兩種綠色革命改良品種就佔據了整個稻米生產區域的98%。”

    在過去的100多年,全世界已經滅絕了3萬種蔬菜,平均每6個小時就有1種蔬菜品種絕跡。
    而隨著物種的不斷消失,世界將失去基因的多樣性,從而使人類面臨更大的威脅。常識告訴我們,遺傳基因的多樣性是植物抵抗不良氣候和防禦毀滅性病蟲害的安全因素,農作物的遺傳多樣性越是豐富,品種的遺傳基礎越是寬廣,農業穩產豐產就越有保障。而目前全世界只選種一些高產的、單一的農作物,一旦氣候或環境發生改變,必將面臨毀滅性的結局。比如在1970年,美國南部玉米種植區爆發玉米枯葉病,一半以上的土地受災,當年全美玉米減產15%,經濟損失超過10億美元。直到後來從墨西哥引進一種帶有多種原生質的野生基因的玉米品種,這場災難才得以中止。

  • 預警6度C 食物大逃亡: 烏魚不來的冬天、蜜蜂消失的春天,喝不到鮮奶、買不起麵包、好魚好肉少了……。這不是遙遠的未來才會發生的事,極端氣候正在衝擊台灣的農漁牧業,更影響你的每一餐。在南台灣最後一艘烏魚船停靠的港邊,《天下雜誌》現場直擊氣候變遷對台灣的巨大衝擊,以及因應之道。這是一個台灣不能再等的關鍵時刻……。
  • 食物危機篇: 殘酷真相》黑鮪魚、烏魚失蹤,台灣頂級美食消失中...
  • 全球暖化篇: 本世紀末,不論是台北的億萬豪宅或是價值百億的商業大樓, 都可能泡在「台北湖」裡,高雄可能只剩「壽山島」,台南更徹底淹沒。 全台灣將有近六百萬民眾,淪為「水上難民」。 這是科學家最悲觀的預估,在二一○○年,倘若人類不對全球暖化問題力挽狂瀾, 台灣將被淹沒六~二十五公尺。 全球暖化將使海平面上升,低漥或海島國家都將面臨「亡國」危機。 當台灣淹水六、十五、二十五公尺時,全台灣海拔一百公尺以下土地, 將有二五%、三九%、五八%遭淹沒; 「環境難民」將分別達五八七萬、九七七萬、一一四一萬人。 台灣,還能對全球暖化的問題沉默多久?
  • 改變世界的六℃ : ...

分析與評論

  • 農產品相關供需必須仔細觀察,一旦發生通貨膨脹與溫室效應共存時會更嚴重。
  • 購買房地產時最好選擇高於海平面20公尺交通生活便利之區域,絕對不要買低於海平面10公尺區域。
  • 食物選擇應盡量減少肉類。
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