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2025年4月14日 星期一

2025美公債狀況與2013 美公債、QE forever 配『財政懸崖』再發生?( The US public debt situation in 2025 and the US public debt situation in 2013, QE forever and the "fiscal cliff" will happen again? )

根據最新的資訊,2025年美國公債到期的情況及川普關稅政策對經濟風險的影響如下:According to the latest information, the maturity of U.S. Treasury bonds in 2025 and the impact of Trump’s tariff policy on economic risks are as follows:

2025年美國公債到期情況 U.S. Treasury bond maturities in 2025

在2025年,美國將面臨大量的公債到期,預計到期的國債總額約為9.2兆美元,這些到期的債務主要集中在上半年,特別是6月,約佔到期總額的70%。這些債務的到期將對市場流動性和利率造成壓力,因為政府需要進行再融資以應對這些到期的債務。In 2025, the United States will face a large amount of public debt maturing, with the total amount of national debt maturing expected to be approximately US$9.2 trillion. These maturing debts are mainly concentrated in the first half of the year, especially June, accounting for about 70% of the total amount maturing. The maturity of these debts will put pressure on market liquidity and interest rates as the government will need to refinance to meet these maturing debts.

具體來說,根據不同的報導,2025年到期的國債數量如下:Specifically, according to various reports, the number of Treasury bonds maturing in 2025 is as follows:

  • 總額:約9.2兆美元 Total: Approximately $9.2 trillion
  • 集中時間:大部分到期債務集中在2025年上半年,尤其是6月。Concentrated time: Most of the maturing debts are concentrated in the first half of 2025, especially in June.
  • 具體時間點:雖然具體的到期日期因債券類型而異,但整體而言,這些到期的債務將對美國政府的財政狀況造成壓力,尤其是在高利率環境下,政府需要發行新債來償還到期的債務。Specific timing: Although the specific maturity dates vary by bond type, overall these maturing debts will put pressure on the U.S. government's fiscal position, especially in a high-interest environment, when the government needs to issue new bonds to repay maturing debts.
  • 萬一發生到期美公債到期沒有足夠買方,這時候必須發生聯儲量化寬鬆(QE)。In the event that there are not enough buyers for maturing U.S. Treasury bonds, the Federal Reserve will have to carry out quantitative easing (QE).

在量化寬鬆(QE)期間,美國聯邦儲備系統(Fed)主要購買了以下幾類金融資產:During quantitative easing (QE), the U.S. Federal Reserve System (Fed) mainly purchased the following types of financial assets:

1. 主要購買的金融資產Major financial assets purchased

  • 國債(Treasury Securities):聯儲在QE期間大量購買美國國債,以降低長期利率並促進經濟增長。這些國債包括短期和長期的各類債券。The Fed purchased large amounts of U.S. Treasury bonds during QE in order to lower long-term interest rates and promote economic growth. These government bonds include both short-term and long-term bonds.

  • 抵押擔保證券(Mortgage-Backed Securities, MBS):聯儲還購買了大量的抵押擔保證券,這些證券是由房貸組合而成的,旨在支持住房市場並促進信貸流動性。這些購買行為在2008年金融危機後尤為顯著,聯儲的MBS持有量在高峰時期達到約2.7兆美元。The Fed also purchased large amounts of mortgage-backed securities, which are bundles of mortgage loans, in an effort to support the housing market and facilitate the flow of credit. These purchases were particularly pronounced after the 2008 financial crisis, with the Fed's MBS holdings reaching about $2.7 trillion at their peak.

  • 其他金融資產:在某些QE階段,聯儲也可能購買其他類型的資產,如公司債券等,以進一步支持金融市場的流動性。During certain QE phases, the Fed may also purchase other types of assets, such as corporate bonds, to further support liquidity in financial markets.  

2. 聯儲的股東成份The Fed's shareholders

聯儲的股東主要是美國的商業銀行。具體來說:The Fed's shareholders are mainly U.S. commercial banks. Specifically:

  • 成員銀行:所有全國性銀行必須成為聯儲系統的成員,並持有其地區聯邦儲備銀行的股份。這些股份的持有是法律要求的,並且不能被交易或作為抵押品使用。成員銀行每年可以獲得最高6%的股息。

  • 股東結構:聯邦儲備銀行的股東包括全國性銀行和選擇成為成員的州立銀行。根據法律,成員銀行必須將其資本的3%作為股份投資於聯邦儲備銀行。這意味著,雖然這些銀行在技術上是聯儲的股東,但他們對貨幣政策的決策並沒有直接控制權。

  • 股東的影響:儘管成員銀行持有股份,但他們的投票權限主要限於選舉聯邦儲備銀行的董事會成員,並不包括對貨幣政策的直接影響。這樣的結構使得聯儲在運作上保持一定的獨立性,但也引發了對其獨立性和透明度的討論。

總結來說,聯儲在QE期間的主要購買對象是國債和抵押擔保證券,而其股東主要是美國的商業銀行,這些銀行在聯儲的運作中扮演著特定的角色。In summary, the Fed's main purchases during QE are Treasury bonds and mortgage-backed securities, and its shareholders are mainly US commercial banks, which play a specific role in the Fed's operations.  


目前聯儲財報,若聯儲QE對資產負債表的影響細節The current Fed financial report, if the Fed's QE has any details on the impact on the balance sheet

美國聯邦儲備系統(Fed)的資產負債表在量化寬鬆(QE)政策下會發生顯著變化。以下是QE對聯儲資產負債表的影響細節:

1. 資產的增加

在QE期間,聯儲會大量購買國債和其他金融資產(如房貸擔保證券)。這些購買行為直接增加了聯儲的資產規模。例如,自2008年金融危機以來,聯儲的資產負債表從不到1兆美元擴張至約9兆美元,主要是透過這些資產的購買來實現的。

2. 負債的相應增加

由於聯儲購買資產所釋放的資金會進入市場,這會導致商業銀行在聯儲的準備金增加,從而使聯儲的負債也隨之增加。這意味著,聯儲的資產和負債會同時上升,保持資產負債表的平衡。

3. 利率的影響

QE的主要目的是降低長期利率,促進經濟增長。當聯儲購買大量的國債時,這會提高這些資產的價格,並降低其收益率,進而影響整體市場利率。這種政策通常在經濟放緩或面臨衰退風險時實施,以刺激投資和消費。

4. 通脹預期的變化

QE也會影響市場對未來通脹的預期。隨著資金供應的增加,市場可能會預期通脹上升,這會影響消費者和投資者的行為。聯儲在進行QE時,通常會伴隨著對通脹的警告,以引導市場預期。

5. 資產負債表的結構變化

在QE期間,聯儲的資產負債表結構會發生變化,長期資產的比例上升,這使得聯儲在面對利率上升時,承擔了更大的風險。這是因為長期資產的價值對利率變化的敏感度高於短期資產。

總結來說,QE對聯儲的資產負債表有著深遠的影響,通過增加資產和負債,調整市場利率,以及改變通脹預期,聯儲能夠在經濟不穩定時期提供必要的支持。  


2013 美公債、QE forever 配『財政懸崖』再發生

    美國次貸風暴至雷曼宣佈倒閉保護,造成金融海嘯,然後美國信貸泡沫破裂,美聯儲救市救銀,美債泡沫逐步形成,美國政府債務將於年底屆臨舉債上限的16.39兆美元。經濟學家說,財政部操作可以使違約不至於立即發生,再延後到2月底或3月初,但最後需國會調高舉債上限。

    人類為了不讓人類整體經濟成長求生之體系毀滅,不得不因應二次大戰後最大災難: 貨幣危機、通貨膨脹、資金行情,再持續製造下一泡沫,同時美聯儲也將印鈔之資金行情將非美區域性之貨幣拉至高點,造成非美區域不得不走向內需經濟,GDP也因此衰退,甚致比美國GDP成長還弱,2012 台灣、巴西、新加坡、許多歐洲都低於美國GDP成長;

全球資金大幅增加,大幅增加貨幣供應,特別是

美國 M1 增加,經濟成長率較 2011 成長;
中國 M1 增加,經濟成長率較 2011 下降;
日本 M1 增加,經濟成長率較 2011 下降;
台灣 M1 增加,經濟成長率較 2011 下降;
巴西 M1 增加,經濟成長率較 2011 下降;
蘇俄 M2 增加,經濟成長率較 2011 下降;

   而新興國家股市上漲後,全球資金是否持續待在新興國家則決定於何時美國收傘,美國經濟雖逐漸好轉,但聯準會仍於去年12月12日推出第四輪量化寬鬆政策(QE4),將貨幣政策目標和通膨率及失業率掛鉤(CPI 2.5%、失業率降至 6.5%),因而被稱為永久的量化寬鬆(QE forever),顯示距離全面、穩定復甦仍是漫漫長路。面對「財政懸崖」,歐巴馬政府與參議院共和黨在去年最後一刻及時達成協議,確定富人加稅及延後削減政府支出兩個月,眾議院昨天亦通過兩黨協議,化解大半墜崖危機。

    報告顯示 QE 及許多美國復甦之策略奏效,去年12月美國制造業採購經理人指數為50.7,高于前月的49.5。美國制造業採購經理人指數是衡量美國制造業綜合發展狀況的晴雨表,該指數以50為臨界點,高于50表明制造業處于擴張狀態,低于50則表明制造業處于萎縮狀態。

 報告顯示,在18個制造業中,當月有7個行業實現擴張,包括初級金屬、電腦和電子產品等;包括機械、交通設備等在內的9個制造業行業出現萎縮。制造業一直是本輪美國經濟復蘇中的亮點,截至去年5月份,美國制造業已實現連續34個月擴張,但是制造業採購經理人指數在去年下半年呈現波動態勢。
台灣 GDP成長率不可能超過5%

   危機將發生在美國資金收傘或調高利息或伊郎以色列戰爭,資金會大幅流回美國,原先非美區域性之貨幣拉至高點但經濟成長弱勢國如歐洲、台灣、南美極可能有區域發生另一波金融風暴。弱勢經濟成長且強勢貨幣國家最易發生金融風暴與亞洲金融風暴情況會有類似之處,台灣處於弱勢經濟成長且強勢貨幣國家,加上證所稅實施後股市資金動能被外資掌控程度提升很多,將是亞洲風暴發生機率較高國家。

   一旦,美國資金收傘或調高利息,歐洲及弱勢GDP成長新興區域如台灣是很粹弱的,歐洲崩盤將導致弱勢GDP成長新興區域也崩盤,台灣GDP成長結構與過去不同,內需消費、房產、觀光占很大比重,出超及順差大幅減少,若該區域大量資金大幅移出,風險是很明顯。從另一觀點看,美QE forever 配『財政懸崖』解藥形成新興區域資金行情,若美發生強徑經濟成長,將是一波美元戰略攻擊之機會,國際大咖不可能輕易放過這機會,新興區域資金行情結束,易發生金融風暴。
美元/台幣歷史圖

  


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2025年4月13日 星期日

從RAY DALIO觀點看米蘭的海湖莊園協議及美國興衰 (Milan's Mar-a-Lago Agreement and the Rise and Fall of America from Ray Dalio's Perspective)

何謂「海湖莊園協議」?What is the Mar-a-Lago Agreement? 

海湖莊園協議」這個名稱,取自川普在佛州的私人度假勝地海湖莊園(Mar-a-Lago),其概念參照1985年美國與德、日、英、法簽署的「廣場協議」(Plaza Accord),當時各國協助貶值美元,促進美國經濟復甦。這項「協議」的構想,是由川普政府經濟顧問委員會主席米蘭(Miran)在去年一篇文章中提出的,當時他列舉了多種選項。如今,他已被任命為白宮經濟顧問委員會主席。The name "Mar-a-Lago Agreement" is taken from Trump's private resort Mar-a-Lago in Florida. Its concept refers to the "Plaza Accord" signed by the United States, Germany, Japan, Britain and France in 1985. At that time, these countries helped devalue the US dollar and promote the recovery of the US economy. The idea of ​​this "deal" was proposed by Miran, chairman of the Trump administration's Council of Economic Advisers, in an article last year, when he listed a variety of options. He has now been appointed chairman of the White House Council of Economic Advisers. 

米蘭在文章中指出,美國龐大貿易逆差的原因是美元被高估,「這種高估使得美國出口缺乏競爭力,進口變得便宜,進而削弱美國製造業的實力。」他表示,如今像中國與歐洲這樣的重要經濟體,可能不太願意加入新的協議,但關稅可以成為有效的施壓手段。Milan pointed out in the article that the reason for the huge U.S. trade deficit is the overvaluation of the dollar. "This overvaluation makes U.S. exports noncompetitive and imports cheap, thereby weakening the strength of the U.S. manufacturing industry." He said that important economies such as China and Europe may be reluctant to join new agreements, but tariffs can be an effective means of pressure.

 從Ray Dalio的觀點來看,米蘭提出的海湖莊園協議涉及多個重要的經濟議題,包括關稅政策、友邦關係、美國出口產品的競爭力、美元的霸權影響以及全球貿易的衝擊。From Ray Dalio's point of view, the Mar-a-Lago agreement proposed by Milan involves several important economic issues, including tariff policies, relations with friendly countries, the competitiveness of US export products, the hegemonic influence of the US dollar, and the impact on global trade. 

  


關稅政策 Tariff Policy

米蘭博士的海湖莊園協議中,關稅政策被視為重塑美國貿易體系的核心工具之一。根據報導,米蘭認為美國的貿易逆差問題與美元被高估有關,這導致進口商品便宜而出口商品昂貴,進而影響美國的製造業和經濟結構。Dalio也指出,關稅的使用可能是為了減少對外國生產的依賴,這在當前的全球經濟環境中尤為重要。但等於是美國主動離開全球自由貿易形成高關稅保護國家,其他國家仍在全球自由貿易,將造成國際化的美商分成國際分公司、美國本土公司獨立營運,美國的農產品、能源、原物料出口至其他沒有對美國報復關稅國家將增加,美國進口商品漲價,也無法增加美國工業產品競爭力。In Dr. Milan’s Mar-a-Lago agreement, tariff policy is seen as one of the core tools for reshaping the U.S. trade system. According to reports, Milan believes that the US trade deficit problem is related to the overvalued dollar, which makes imported goods cheap and exported goods expensive, thus affecting the US manufacturing industry and economic structure. Dalio also noted that the use of tariffs could be an effort to reduce reliance on foreign production, which is particularly important in the current global economic environment. But this is equivalent to the United States voluntarily leaving global free trade and becoming a country with high tariff protection, while other countries are still engaged in global free trade. This will cause internationalized American companies to be divided into international branches and American domestic companies to operate independently. The export of American agricultural products, energy, and raw materials to other countries that do not impose retaliatory tariffs on the United States will increase, and the prices of American imported goods will increase, which will not increase the competitiveness of American industrial products.

友邦關係 Friendly Countries relations

海湖莊園協議的實施可能會對美國的友邦關係產生影響。Dalio 提到,當美國推行保護主義政策時,可能會導致與主要貿易夥伴的緊張關係,這不僅影響經濟合作,也可能引發更廣泛的地緣政治衝突。這種情況下,友邦國家可能會對美國的貿易政策感到不安,進而影響雙邊貿易的穩定性。The implementation of the Mar-a-Lago agreement may have an impact on America’s relations with friendly countries. Dalio mentioned that when the United States pursues protectionist policies, it may cause tensions with major trading partners, which will not only affect economic cooperation but may also trigger broader geopolitical conflicts. In this case, friendly countries may feel uneasy about the US trade policy, which in turn affects the stability of bilateral trade.

  


美國出口產品競爭力

米蘭博士的報告強調,美元的高估使得美國的出口產品在國際市場上失去競爭力。Dalio 認為,這種情況如果不加以改善,將會進一步削弱美國的經濟基礎,特別是在製造業方面。米蘭提出的解決方案之一是促使美元貶值,以提高美國出口產品的價格競爭力,這一點與 Dalio 的觀點相呼應。Dalio 觀點,美國競爭力必須從基礎去努力:Dr. Milan's report emphasized that the overvaluation of the dollar has made US exports uncompetitive in the international market. Dalio believes that if this situation is not improved, it will further weaken the economic foundation of the United States, especially in the manufacturing sector. One of the solutions Milan proposed was to weaken the dollar to make U.S. exports more price competitive, a point echoed by Dalio. Dalio believes that the US must work on its fundamentals to improve its competitiveness:

  • 產品創新 Product Innovation
  • 生產力提升 Productivity Improvement
  • 投資環境改善 Improved investment environment
  • 拉高美國關稅,無法提高美國競爭力 Raising US tariffs will not improve US competitiveness

美元霸權影響The impact of US dollar hegemony

海湖莊園協議的另一個重要方面是美元的霸權地位。米蘭博士認為,美元作為全球主要儲備貨幣的地位使其被高估,這對美國經濟造成了長期的負擔。Dalio也指出,美元的強勢可能會導致其他國家尋求替代貨幣,這將對全球金融體系造成深遠影響。這種情況下,美國需要重新評估其貨幣政策,以維持美元的全球地位。關稅拉高、配合弱勢美元,可能造成美元國債投資人疑慮,升高美國國債殖利率降低美國國債安全性。Another important aspect of the Mar-a-Lago agreement is the hegemony of the U.S. dollar. Dr. Milan believes that the dollar's status as the world's main reserve currency makes it overvalued, which poses a long-term burden on the US economy. Dalio also pointed out that the strength of the U.S. dollar could lead other countries to seek alternative currencies, which would have far-reaching implications for the global financial system. In this situation, the United States needs to reassess its monetary policy to maintain the global status of the dollar. Higher tariffs, coupled with a weaker dollar, could cause concerns among U.S. Treasury investors, raising U.S. Treasury yields and reducing the security of U.S. Treasury bonds. 

中國在全球貿易中的地位影響 The impact of China's position in global trade

米蘭博士的報告中提到,美元的高估使得美國的出口產品在國際市場上失去競爭力。Dalio認為,這種情況如果不加以改善,將會進一步削弱美國的經濟基礎,特別是在製造業方面。他指出,中國在全球貿易中的地位不斷上升,這使得美國必須重新評估其貿易政策,以維持競爭力。Dalio建議,應該考慮讓人民幣對美元升值,這可以通過中國出售美元資產來實現,並同時刺激內需,這樣的策略將有助於改善中美之間的經濟不平衡。中國影響:Milan's report mentioned that the overvaluation of the US dollar has made US exports noncompetitive in the international market. Dalio believes that if this situation is not improved, it will further weaken the economic foundation of the United States, especially in the manufacturing sector. He noted that China's growing role in global trade requires the United States to reassess its trade policies to remain competitive. Dalio suggested that consideration should be given to allowing the RMB to appreciate against the U.S. dollar, which could be achieved by China selling its U.S. dollar assets and stimulating domestic demand at the same time. Such a strategy would help improve the economic imbalance between China and the United States. Chinese influence:

  • 中國仍在全球貿易中的地位持續上升,關稅戰只是一個小修正。
  • 美國與中國貿易脫鉤。

全球貿易衝擊 Global trade shock

最後,海湖莊園協議的實施可能會對全球貿易格局造成重大衝擊。Dalio警告,當前的貿易政策不確定性加劇了市場的波動,並可能導致全球經濟的動盪。米蘭的報告中提到的各種政策選項,如發行百年期債券和建立主權財富基金,都是為了應對這些挑戰,但其實施的可行性和效果仍然存在爭議。Finally, the implementation of the Mar-a-Lago agreement could have a significant impact on the global trade landscape. Dalio warned that current trade policy uncertainty has increased market volatility and could lead to turmoil in the global economy. The various policy options mentioned in the Milan report, such as issuing 100-year bonds and establishing sovereign wealth funds, are intended to address these challenges, but their feasibility and effectiveness remain controversial.

總結來說,從Ray Dalio的觀點看,米蘭博士的海湖莊園協議提出了一系列旨在重塑美國經濟和貿易政策的措施,這些措施的成功與否將直接影響美國的經濟競爭力及其在全球貿易中的地位。In summary, from Ray Dalio’s point of view, Dr. Milan’s Mar-a-Lago Agreement proposes a series of measures aimed at reshaping the US economic and trade policies. The success or failure of these measures will directly affect the US economic competitiveness and its position in global trade.

  


綜合分析

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2024年11月26日 星期二

美國舉債是不歸路? 川普政府精簡及馬斯克「政府效率部」DOGE真的有效嗎?(Is U.S. debt the point of no return? Are the Trump administration’s streamlining and Musk’s DOGE reforms really effective?)

美債重演1995年大拋售 (U.S. Treasuries Repeat 1995 Sell-Off )

現況美國國債已破35兆,以債養債是條不歸路,只能說美國國債危機正在運行中,美國因美債要是破產,全世界都倒大楣,明年應該會破37兆。

自從 9 月聯準會大幅降息以來,美債遭遇大幅拋售的普遍觀點是,投資人不再認為經濟正搖搖欲墜地走向衰退,上一次美債在開始降息階段出現這麼大跌幅還是葛林斯潘 (Alan Greenspan) 領導聯準會的時期,當時他正在策劃一次罕見的經濟軟著陸。

距離美國總統大選還有兩週時間,10 年期美債殖利率週二攀升約 60 個基點至 4.2%,從聯準會四年來首次降息前幾天創下的一年低點躍升。

2 年期殖利率自 9 月 18 日聯準會啟動降息以來累計上升 34 基點。該殖利率在 1995 年也有類似漲幅,當時由葛林斯潘領導的聯準會成功的在不引起衰退的情況下幫助經濟降溫。

如果從 1989 年算起,2 年期殖利率在聯準會啟動降息的後一個月平均下跌 15 基點。回顧 1995 年,葛林斯潘和他在聯準會的同僚六個月內僅降息三次,把利率從 6% 下調至 5.25%。10 年期公債殖利率在當年首次降息的 12 個月後躍升逾 100 個基點,而兩年期公債殖利率則上漲 90 個基點。

德意志銀行利率策略師 Steven Zeng 表示:「殖利率上升反映經濟衰退風險降低,鑑於經濟數據相當強勁,聯準會可能放慢降息」。不過,除了經濟軟著路的預期之外,美國總統大選的因素也發揮作用。

Pimco 的投資組合經理 Mike Cudzil 在接受 MarketWatch 採訪時表示,雖然這一走勢的大部分可歸因於過去一個半月的相當強勁的經濟數據,但選舉擔憂也發揮了作用。

穩健的經濟數據使債券市場重新定價,因為它迫使投資人降低大幅降息的預期。但 Cudzil 表示,債券殖利率上升現在也反映出共和黨在選舉中佔據主導地位的「更多」潛力,並補充說,目前市場似乎正在「浪漫化」對股市有利的 (共和黨大勝)「紅色浪潮」觀點,但也會對長天期殖利率帶來更高的壓力。以 Anshul Gupta 為首的巴克萊股票研究人員於研究報告中寫道:「儘管民意調查仍然表明競選形勢激烈,但隨著市場堅定地相信川普獲勝的可能性不斷上升,川普交易繼續受到青睞。川普關稅以及 10 年期公債殖利率走勢一直在與川普獲勝的可能性保持一致」。

1987 年於美股「黑色星期一」一戰成名的億萬富翁、避險基金大佬 Paul Tudor Jones 週二表示,無論誰贏得 11 月的總統選舉,他都會避開固定收益資產並做空長期美債,因為他擔心美債軌跡。

美國債務警報再起 若不節制遲早出事

高姆斯說,「我真正擔心的是,聯邦債務占 GDP 比率將在 20 年內翻一倍。我認爲我們負擔不起。」

高盛之前估計,到 2025 年,美國債務成本可能會創下新紀錄。而根據彼得森基金會 (Peter G. Peterson Foundation) 的另一項分析,未來 10 年美國債務的利息支付總額可能達到 10.6 兆美元。

摩根大通執行長戴蒙 (Jamie Dimon) 甚至將債務描述爲「海洛因」,指美國實際上已對債務上癮,讓美國經濟處於危險境地。

根據沃頓商學院的預算模型預測,如果不改變方向,美國可能在 20 年內出現債務違約,這可能對美國經濟造成災難性後果。

高姆斯表示,即使美國目前能夠負擔得起債務,但不斷增加的債務可能會在未來幾年帶來麻煩,因爲投資人可能會越來越擔心償債成本不斷上升,並減少美國國債的持有量。這意味著有朝一日,美國可能不再能依賴中國和日本等國家購買債券,爲政府提供資金,「在某個時點,市場將崩潰。」

以下是2011以來常發生劇本:美債違約

美國財政部長路傑克今天致函美國國會議員,強調必須要在10月中旬以前提高美國舉債上限,國會要善盡職責,以避免美國面臨違約風險。美國國會議員不到2周後將回到華府開會,屆時,行政部門與國會恐再度面臨2011年舉債上限危機,路傑克(Jack Lew)今天先大動作向議員喊話。

路傑克在信中表示,國會應善盡責任,儘快採取行動,以消除美國面臨的違約風險。他指出,考量時程、現金流量以及誤判帶來的可怕後果,國會必須在10月中旬以前採取行動。

美國今年5月已達目前16.7兆美元的舉債上限後,財政部採取非常措施拖延債務額度突破上限時間,如果財政部用盡所有非常措施,而美國國會又未對提高舉債上限採取行動,美國將被迫以現金支應帳單。

路傑克認為,在10月中旬財政部手頭現金估計有500億美元,但他不能預估現金量可以維持多久,或政府是否有足夠的錢可以支付陸續到期的帳單,因此,如果國會不提高舉債上限,將置國家於令人無法接受的處境。

美國政府債務上限是指美國政府根據國會授權為履行現有法定義務而能夠舉借的債務總額,這些法定義務包括支付社會保障、醫療福利、軍餉、國債利息、退稅與其他開支。美國2011年曾因調高舉債上限僵局爆發債務違約危機,也造成市場與經濟不安,最後國會民主與共和兩黨議員達成協議,化解危機。


美國新政府的外部顧問機構「政府效率部」(DOGE)主管馬斯克與拉馬斯瓦米,投書媒體描繪兩人精簡聯邦政府的計畫,將從撤銷法規、減縮政府與降低成本等三方向著手,並將取消聯邦政府勞工居家辦公政策,要求每周進辦公室五天。這些新措施料將引發新政府和政府勞工工會間的衝突。

馬斯克與拉馬斯瓦米表示,已協助川普政權交接團隊聘用擅長小政府政策的人才,新團隊將與白宮預算管理局(OMB)合作,從撤銷法規、減縮政府與降低成本等三面向著手,並將專注在以現有法規為基礎,透過行政命令,不會推動新的立法。

馬斯克與拉馬斯瓦米說,政府效率部將檢視聯邦政府法令,由川普透過行政命令安排,即時暫停執行部分法規,之後再檢討並撤銷。兩人也表示,在大幅刪除不必要的聯邦規範後,便能大量裁減政府機構人員。儘管美國總統與政務官依法不得炒公務員魷魚,以保護公務員免遭政治報復,但法規也允許若未針對特定人士,能減少工作團隊數量。

兩人也說,聯邦機關人員必須每周進辦公室五天,這個要求「可能產生我們樂見的自願離職潮:若聯邦雇員不想現身,美國納稅人不該為他們在新冠疫情期間的居家上班特權埋單」。

不過,這個要求可能引發新政府與政府雇員工會間的對立。政府效率部不一定有權直接發布這項命令,工會領袖表示若要更動工作條件,應該透過集體協商,且許多聯邦機構在新冠疫情前便有遠距上班的安排,例如國務院、教育部、財政部及防災等部會員工,能有部分時間在工作現場遠距辦公。

工會領袖批評,馬斯克與拉馬斯瓦米的提案無視聯邦政府運作模式,也會減少吸引人才誘因。政府效率部也將協助減少每年未經國會同意的約5,000億美元支出,當中包括5.35億美元公共廣播系統、15億美元國際機構補助與撥給進步團體的3億美元。

分析:
  • 美國新政府的外部顧問機構「政府效率部」(DOGE)仍然要參議院、眾議院支持,否則,很難有成效,「政府效率部」(DOGE)發生效益,才能改變美債危機。(The "Department of Government Effectiveness" (DOGE), the external advisory body of the new U.S. government, still needs the support of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Otherwise, it will be difficult to achieve results. Only when the "Department of Government Effectiveness" (DOGE) is effective can the U.S. debt crisis be changed.).
  • 現況美國國債已破35兆美元,以債養債是條不歸路,每年以2兆美元成長,正以噴出模式進入美國國債危機時期。(At present, the U.S. national debt has exceeded 35 trillion U.S. dollars. Using debt to finance debt is the way to go. It is growing at 2 trillion U.S. dollars every year and is entering the period of the U.S. national debt crisis in a spurt mode. )
  • 未來全球進入許多債務泡沫危機時代,希望美國新政府「政府效率部」(DOGE)能改革成功,美國國債危機獲得解決,讓全球新的 30 和平成長期,台灣及亞洲也受益。(In the future, the world will enter an era of many debt bubble crises. I hope that the new U.S. government’s Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) can successfully reform and the U.S. national debt crisis will be resolved, so that Taiwan and Asia will also benefit from the new 30 period of peaceful growth around the world. )


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2014年8月22日 星期五

中、美影子銀行創造出新經濟型態及高風險 ( China And United States create new economic shadow banking economic risk in future )

什麼是影子銀行

  影子銀行又稱為影子金融體系或者影子銀行系統(Shadow Banking system),是指銀行貸款被加工成有價證券,交易到資本市場,房地產業傳統上由銀行系統承擔的融資功能逐漸被投資所替代,屬於銀行的證券化活動。影子銀行系統的概念由美國太平洋投資管理公司執行董事麥卡利首次提出並被廣泛採用,又稱為平行銀行系統 (The Parallel Banking System),它包括投資銀行、對沖基金、貨幣市場基金、債券保險公司、結構性投資工具( SIVs )等非銀行金融機構。這些機構通常從事放款,也接受抵押,是通過杠桿操作持有大量證券、債券和複雜金融工具的金融機構。在帶來金融市場繁榮的同時,影子銀行的快速發展和高杠桿操作給整個金融體系帶來了巨大的脆弱性,併成為全球金融危機的主要推手。

  目前,影子銀行系統正在去杠桿化的過程中持續萎縮,然而,作為金融市場上的重要一環,影子銀行系統並不會就此消亡,而是逐步走出監管的真空地帶,在新的、更加嚴格的監管環境下發展。未來,對影子銀行系統的信息披露和適度的資本要求將是金融監管改進的重要內容。目前,美國已提出要求所有達到一定規模的對沖基金、私募機構和風險資本基金實行註冊,並對投資者和交易對手披露部分信息。

中國信託資產創兩年最慢增速,信託業管理的信託資產總規模為12.48萬億元人民幣

截至6月30日,信託業管理的信託資產總規模為12.48萬億元人民幣(2萬億美元),季度環比成長6.4%。隨著中國政府打擊影子銀行,投資者重新評估信託這一高殖利率投資的風險,中國信託資產創下兩年來的最慢增速。

中國信託業協會昨日在一份公告中表示,截至6月30日,信託業管理的信託資產總規模為12.48萬億元人民幣(2萬億美元),季度環比成長6.4%。 這是2012年第一季度以來的最慢增速,遠低於2008年以來的平均年增幅50%。

中國影子銀行從2010年開始出現爆炸式成長,眼下國務院總理李克強正在 努力維持經濟成長並抑制金融系統的風險。海通國際證券經濟學家胡一帆在7月25日的研究報告中指出,信託行業的「清算日」(day of reckoning)即將到來,中國信託產品本季度和下季度將迎來償付高峰期, 銀行將不得不吸收信託產品違約造成的大量損失。

中信建投駐北京分析師曾羽今天接受電話採訪時表示,監管機構、銀行和 地方政府都在努力控制信託風險,但是只有經濟提速成長,借款人重新站穩腳跟的時候,這個行業的狀況才會真正好轉。曾羽說,中國投資者變得更加厭惡風險,越來越來的投資者將選擇殖利率較低、風險較低的產品。
中國大陸總負債 2012 達到GDP 277%, 到達 2014 就會超越德國, 預估到 2016 極可能與義大利一樣成為高負債國 

6月末,信託業管理的信託資產總規模比5月末下降2400億元。公告稱這是首次出現月度負成長。中國信託業協會表示,第二季度信託產品的平均殖利率從第一季度的6.44%升至6.87%。

收緊政策

中國1月份避免了首例信託產品違約,當時中誠信託發行的30億元高殖利率產品到期前幾天,購買這款產品的投資者得到兌付。該公司上個月推遲了對另一款產品的償付。

從煤礦企業到房地產開發商的借款人出現兌付困難後,中國銀監會4月份收緊了對新信託產品的規定。李克強希望通過增加銀行貸款、抑制成本更高的影子融資來降低企業的借貸成本,進而扶持企業發展,支持經濟成長。

公告顯示,截止2014年6月末存續的12.48萬億元信託資產中,來源於各類金融機構自有資金的投資占比35.26%;來源於以各類金融機構為主體的理財資金的投資占比33.89%;剩余的來自最低投資額為100萬的普通合格投資者。

房地產風險

曾羽說,上半年很多產品出現問題,監管機構對風險發出預警之後,信託公司承受著改善風險控制的壓力,因此他們不得不放緩新產品的發行步伐。而且,過去幾年的增速根本不可持續。

中國信託業協會表示,資金信託投向工商企業和基礎產業占比約為50%, 投向房地產占比為11%。該協會表示,隨著房地產行業風險上升,資金信託投向房地產領域將更為謹慎。

該協會的報告顯示,全國68家信託公司的所有者權益總額約為2750億元, 這凸顯出它們為自己的產品承擔隱性擔保的能力有限。... 持續閱讀.

Why The Downside To The Fed's "All In" Attempt To Spike Shadow Monetary Velocity Is A $4.5 Trillion Drop In GDP

It appears that the one topic pundits have the most problems grasping is the spread between the GDP. A summary which confirms just how prevalent the confusion is, is this terrific post by the Calafia Beach Pundit, terrific not because it is even remotely correct (the post is so blatantly wrong - one wonders if Western Asset Management even expects its current and former asset managers to count beyond 2... M2 that is), but because it demonstrates how self-professed "pundits", whether of the beach variety or not, don't have the faintest grasp of more than merely trivial monetary topics.
segregation of traditional and shadow monetary aggregates, overall economic deleveraging and aggregate monetary velocity, and how all that impacts

The basis for the above-mentioned post's argument is that since M2 is growing (which it is for 16 weeks in a row now as we have been pointing out repeatedly), and since M2 velocity has performed a dead cat bounce off its 30 year lows following the complete collapse in M2 velocity after the bankruptcy of Lehman, that GDP has to grow. Period. This argument is so flawed and so one-sided, that its refutation and subsequent elaboration as to what reality truly is, is what this post was at first all about. Yet in refuting the simplistic conclusion of a mainstream pundit's myopic perspective, we uncover something far more troubling: namely that should the Fed fail in stoking consolidated aggregate monetary velocity very quickly, as the shadow liability collapse accelerates, US GDP has the potential to drop by up to $4.5 trillion over the next 3 years.

First, looking at M2, it is indeed the case that M2 has been growing. As the chart below shows, since the beginning of 2010, M2 has grown by $288.7 billion from $8485 to $8773 billion.

The problem, as Zero Hedge readers know all too well, is that M2 is merely a small subcomponent of all practical monetary aggregates, including those derived from the shadow credit system. As the beach pundit certainly should be aware, a far more important aggregate is M3, which the Fed has conveniently decided to eliminate, just so those of the permabullish persuasion can spin factless arguments using the far more easily manipulable M2 as a proxy for money demand. And looking beyond M2 is precisely where the entire argument falls flat on its face.

Since the bulk of credit and monetary growth over the past 30 years has occurred not at the observable M2 level, but at the level of shadow banking liabilities (from $620 billion in 1980 to $21.4 trillion at the peak in Q1 2008), and their monetary representation (be it M3, or our broader custom aggregation), a far more indicative view of GDP as a product of monetary aggregate velocity is that of GDP not to M2, but of GDP to M2 and Shadow Banking, which includes in addition to the generic M2 components such as M1 (currency, demand deposits), and retail money funds, savings deposits, and a variety of other deposits, also such shadow components as money market mutual funds, GSE capital, ABS issuers, repo money, open market paper, and agency and mortgage pools. The combination of all that is the most definitive and comprehensive representation of money demand available for the US economy.

The chart below shows just how much more of a factor the shadow economy has become of the past 30 years. While in 1980 the ratio of M2 to Shadow banking monetary aggregates was 135%, the resultant surge in shadow debt, and thus shadow money, as a result of 30 years of declining interest rates, led to a M2/Shadow ratio of under 50% in 2008 (black line in chart below).

A complete and valid representation of aggregate monetary velocity has to take all these excess components: anything else is an insult to the intelligence of one's, in this case, readers. Which is where a far more different picture than that presented by some pundit or another emerges.

Note that in the chart below, as credit has become easier to procure, and increasingly cheaper since the arrival of the Maestro, and as cheap credit-derived money flooded the system, the overall broad money velocity (M2 and Shadow Banking monetary equivalents) has collapsed, even as GDP has been growing. In other words, as more and more credit has gotten added to the system over the past three decades, such new credit has had a progressively smaller impact on true economic growth. And here is the key point that makes a mockery out of the abovementioned "analysis" - even as M2 has grown by under $300 billion, courtesy of QE 1 and QE Lite, shadow banking liabilities and appropriate aggregates have plunged by $2.1 trillion in just the first six months of 2010! Let's see: +$300 billion compared to -$2.1 trillion. Hmmm.

Let's recall that the prevailing theme of the ongoing depression is deleveraging: at the consumer and at the corporate level (courtesy of sovereign leveraging, and $13.7 trillion in federal debt compared to under $9 trillion three years ago, which makes the cost of deleveraging next to nothing), the current collapse in Shadow liabilities, and associated monetary aggregates will persist for a long, long time. Keep in mind the Fed has little control over this, and this is what most pundits (no matter how self-proclaimed) get teribly confused by. All that the Fed can do is hope to increase the velocity of the corresponding circulation of M2, and beyond, money.

Which is where things get really ugly.

Contrary to the beach pundit's conclusion that the growth in M2 most certainly portends a pick up in GDP, we present the completely opposite case: namely that the collapse of shadow credit, and the resultant elimination of shadow money, could result in a plunge in US GDP as high as $4.5 trillion over the next 3 years. And what most don't understand (but Blackhawk Ben most certainly does) is that what M2 does over this period is completely irrelevant as shadow deleveraing will be the far more dominant force vis-a-vis GDP.

And what the Fed is trying to do, more so than anything, is to return the M2+Shadow Banking velocity back to traditional levels, far higher from the current 58%. That the Fed has succeeded in raising it by 8% from its all time low 2 years ago, is purely a function of Quantitative Easing. The real question is whether QE2 will have the same success in stoking at least some consolidated velocity and its resultant GDP pick up.

影子銀行系統累積的金融風險

  影子銀行雖然是非銀行機構,但是又確實在發揮著事實上的銀行功能。它們為次級貸款者和市場富餘資金搭建了橋梁,成為次級貸款者融資的主要中間媒介。影子銀行通過在金融市場發行各種複雜的金融衍生產品,大規模地擴張其負債和資產業務。所有影子銀行相互作用,便形成了彼此之間具有信用和派生關係的影子銀行系統。

  影子銀行的基本特點可以歸納為以下三個。其一,交易模式採用批發形式,有別於商業銀行的零售模式。其二,進行不透明的場外交易。影子銀行的產品結構設計非常複雜,而且鮮有公開的、可以披露的信息。這些金融衍生品交易大都在櫃臺交易市場進行,信息披露制度很不完善。其三,杠桿率非常高。由於沒有商業銀行那樣豐厚的資本金,影子銀行大量利用財務杠桿舉債經營。

  在過去20年中,伴隨著美國經濟的不斷增長,人們對於信貸的需求與日俱增,美國的影子銀行也相應地迅猛發展,並與商業銀行一起成為金融體系中重要的參與主體。影子銀行的發展壯大,使得美國和全球金融體系的結構發生了根本性變化,傳統銀行體系的作用不斷下降。影子銀行比傳統銀行增長更加快速,並游離於現有的監管體系之外,同時也在最後貸款人的保護傘之外,累積了相當大的金融風險。

分析
  • 全球貨幣寬鬆程度過去只用 M1B、M2,自從影子銀行壯大後,影子銀行比傳統銀行增長更加快速,美國和全球金融體系的結構發生了根本性變化,全球貨幣供應需改成影子銀行創造之貨幣供應量+M2,所以全球貨幣寬鬆程度已經是由債延伸之商品在加速
  • 因此當美元升息時,垃圾債泡沫就易破滅,全球經濟隨時受影子銀行風險產生影響;
  • 中國不降低利率讓企業介由正常銀行體系借出資金同時促進內需消費,這情況對中國大陸反而更危險,因為一推企業借債製造『產能過剩泡沫』就如同地方房地產債一樣也是『過剩泡沫』現象中國大陸經濟問題是利率過高內需消費不足
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